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KMID : 0613820110210101377
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Journal of Life Science
2011 Volume.21 No. 10 p.1377 ~ p.0
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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effect of Astaxanthin Derived from Microalgae
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Kwak Tae-Won
Cha Ji-Young
Lee Chul-Won
Kim Young-Min
Yoo Byung-Hong
Kim Sung-Gu
Kim Jong-Myoung
Park Seong-Ha
An Won-Gun
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Abstract
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Astaxanthin (ATX) is a red-orange carotenoid pigment that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects of ATX on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, we tested the superoxide radical scavenging activity of ATX by scavenging assay. iNOS and NF-κB expressions were determined by immunoblot analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed by ELISA. NO production was monitored by measuring the amount of nitrite. ROS was examined by using the 2', 7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) method. At a concentration of 100 μM, ATX inhibited the expression level of LPS-induced NF-κB, as well as the production of LPS-induced NO and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), by suppressing iNOS expression. In particular, the maximal inhibition rate of IL-6 and TNFα production by ATX (100 μM) was 65.2----- and 21.2-----, respectively. In addition, ATX inhibited the LPS-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB, and this was associated with suppressing the translocations of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus. Moreover, at various concentrations (25-100 μM), ATX inhibited the intracellular level of ROS. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the superoxide radical scavenging activity of ATX was 1.33 times higher than α-tocopherol of the same concentration. These results showed that ATX inhibited the expression of iNOS and the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines resulting from ROS production and NF-κB activation in macrophages. Furthermore, ATX was found to be more effective in superoxide radical scavenging activities compared to α-tocopherol. These findings are expected to strengthen the position of ATX as anti-inflammatory medicine and antioxidant.
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KEYWORD
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Astaxanthin, anti-inflammatory effect, nuclear factor-kappa B, interleukin-6, superoxide radical scavenging activity
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